哈尼梯田景观水源林区土壤水分垂直变化与持水性能

采用ThetaProbeML2x土壤水分测定仪和环刀取样法对哈尼梯田景观水源林区主要植被类型(林地和草地)下0—300cm土层的土壤水分特征及其持水性能进行了研究。研究结果表明:(1)各样地〔样地Ⅰ(林地),样地Ⅱ(林地),样地Ⅲ(草地)〕土壤水分垂直分布为"双峰"波动型,样地Ⅰ和Ⅲ波动弱,样地Ⅱ波动剧烈,拐点出现在60,140和230cm土层附近,土壤水分运动趋势在拐点处受邻层土壤含水量影响大;(2)粉沙性质地土壤(样地Ⅱ)水分变异系数高于黏性质地土壤(样地Ⅰ,Ⅲ);林地土壤水分变异系数大于草地土壤;(3)样地Ⅰ土壤和草地Ⅲ土壤蓄水量均较样地Ⅱ高,且其值相近,黏性壤土的蓄水能力优于粉沙性土壤;(4)水源林区0—160cm土层最大持水量和毛管持水量由大到小均表现为:样地Ⅰ样地Ⅲ样地Ⅱ;非毛管持水量由大到小表现为:样地Ⅱ样地Ⅰ样地Ⅲ,样地Ⅰ和样地Ⅲ的土壤水源涵蓄能力较强,样地Ⅱ土壤调节水分能力较强。     

浅表地块着色处理作为可视化诊断标准在农业管理中的应用

Soil management matters in semiarid lands are key to have acceptable yields and to preserve diversity. After the major agricultural intensification underwent in the semiarid lands of Monegros, NE Spain, custom tailored tools are needed to reconcile agriculture with habitats conservation. The objectives of this study were to quantify the effect of soil properties of two distinctly colored soils, white patches （WP） and dark patches （DP）, dominant in the arid landscape of the central Ebro Basin, Spain on winter cereal grain yield and to prove that superficial soil color could be used as a visual diagnostic criterion for evaluation of agricultural practices in arid lands. Significant differences between WP and DP soils were found in gypsum, carbonate contents, available water holding capacity and infiltration rate. The grain yield ranged from 51 to 5 713 kg ha-1. Significantly lower yields （P 〈 0.01） and precipitation-use efficiency （P 〈 0.05） were attained in the WP soils for the three seasons studied. This difference increased with the average rainfall due to the significantly lower soil water infiltration （P 〈 0.01） and water holding capacity （P 〈 0.05） found in the gypseous soils. Our results show that mapping the soil surface color at farm scale can be a low=cost tool for optimizing agricultural practices and recovering the natural vegetation. This approach can be advantageous in similar arid or semiarid environments around the world.     

旱地薄皮甜瓜栽培技术

文安县位于河北省东部,属黑龙岗流域,最近10年连续干旱。在与自然灾害的坚决斗争中,鉴于薄皮甜瓜具有适应广泛、栽培容易、生育期短等特点,引入栽培,结果很成功,并且最近几年已成为文安县东部乡镇主要栽培模式之一。这项技术不仅适合文安县应用,也适合北方其他土壤微碱性、较干旱地区应用。现将此套旱地小甜瓜栽培技术总结出来,希望推而广之。     

黄土高原旱区长期施肥条件下土壤钾素形态空间分布特征及有效性研究

在黄土高原南部旱地长期肥料定位试验的基础上研究了土壤钾素空间分布特征及其有效性.结果表明:长期施肥后土壤中特殊吸附性钾(SAK)和非特殊吸附性钾(NSAK)储量增加,但水溶性钾(WSK)和非交换性钾(NEK)则有明显的下降,单施N水溶性钾下降了48.24%,单施P下降32.32%,NP配施和NPK配施分别下降10.61%和17.93%,非交换性钾降幅为8.56%～24.91%.增施钾肥可以缓解因长期施肥作物生长所携出的钾素,增加耕层土壤中的水溶性钾、非特殊吸附性钾及特殊吸附性钾.相关分析结果表明,土壤不同形态钾素对速效钾的重要性依次为WSK＞NSAK＞SAK>NEK,土壤速效钾与水溶性钾、非特殊吸附性钾呈显著相关,与特殊吸附性钾和非交换性钾无显著相关性.     

施氮对不同栽培模式旱地土壤有机碳氮和供氮能力的影响

【目的】研究不同栽培模式下,施氮量对西北旱地土壤有机碳氮累积及供氮能力的影响。【方法】通过5年(2002-2007年)定位大田试验,以不施氮为对照,比较不同施氮量(120,240kg/hm2)对常规、覆草和覆膜3种栽培模式土壤有机碳氮累积和供氮能力的影响。【结果】施氮0,120,240kg/hm2时,覆草栽培土壤有机碳含量分别为9.74,9.57,9.19g/kg,全氮含量为0.99,1.02,1.03g/kg,土壤氮素矿化势为25.0,26.7,29.7mg/kg,矿化速率常数为0.053,0.062,0.056/d;覆膜栽培土壤有机碳含量分别为9.82,8.78,9.80g/kg,全氮含量为0.98,0.98,0.95g/kg,土壤氮素矿化势为23.2,25.8,24.1mg/kg,矿化速率常数为0.058,0.061,0.072/d;常规栽培土壤有机碳含量分别为9.79,9.93,9.20g/kg,全氮含量为0.93,0.99,0.96g/kg,土壤氮素矿化势为23.2,26.2,25.7mg/kg,矿化速率常数为0.057,0.061,0.063/d。【结论】施氮能提高3个栽培模式土壤的供氮能力,促进土壤氮素的矿化。适量氮肥能够提高常规模式土壤的有机碳含量,但会降低覆草和覆膜土壤的有机碳含量,故在采用地表覆盖模式栽培时需配施有机肥。     

缓释肥一次性侧位深施对红壤旱地直播油菜产量形成和肥料利用的影响

为明确红壤旱地直播油菜(Brassica napus L.)缓释肥(N-P₂O₅-K₂O=25-7-8)一次性侧位深施效果及适宜用量,2017—2020年在典型的红壤丘陵区(江西进贤)开展缓释肥施用方式对比试验(不施肥、一次性土表撒施和一次性侧位深施)和施用量试验(0、300、450、600、750和900 kg·hm^-2),研究缓释肥一次性侧位深施及不同施用量对油菜产量形成和肥料利用率的影响。结果表明,相比传统土表撒施,侧位深施显著促进了N、P、K的吸收,同步提高了油菜产量和肥料利用率,且对晚熟油菜影响更为显著。菜籽产量与缓释肥用量呈线性加平台关系,适宜施肥量可保证较大的收获密度及较多的每株角果数和每角粒数,从而协同提高籽粒产量和经济效益,同时维持较高的肥料利用率。晚熟和早熟油菜缓释肥侧位深施的适宜用量分别为720和605 kg·hm^-2,产量潜力可分别达2 500和1 750 kg·hm^-2。因此,一次性侧位深施适量缓释肥可显著提高红壤旱地直播油菜生产力,建议结合机械化种植因地制宜地推广应用。     

Nutrient losses from rain‐fed bench terraced cultivation systems in high rainfall areas of the mid‐hills of Nepal

Between the elevations of 1000 and 2000 m in the mid‐hills of Nepal, over 12 million people subsist on land‐holdings of less than 0·5 ha. These farmers have limited access to commercial inputs such as fertilisers and are reliant on organic manures for soil fertility maintenance. Participatory research was conducted with farmers on bari land (upper slope rain‐fed crop terraces) in the hill community of Landruk (bench terraces 0–5° slope, 3000–3500 mm annual rainfall, which aimed to develop soil and water management interventions that controlled erosion without resulting in high leaching, and so were effective in minimising total nutrient losses. Interventions tested were the control of water movement through diversion of run‐on and planting fodder grasses on terrace risers on bench terraces. The interventions were effective in reducing soil loss from the bari land in comparison with existing farmer practices, but no effect was observed on nutrient losses in solution form through runoff and leaching. Losses of NO₃‐N in leachate ranged from 17·3 to 99·7 kg ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹, but only 0·7 to 5·6 kg ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ in runoff. The overall nutrient balance suggests that the system is not sustainable. Fertility is heavily dependent on livestock inputs and if the current trends of declining livestock numbers due to labour constraints continue, further losses in productivity can be expected. However, farmers are interested in interventions that tie ecosystem services with productivity enhancement and farmers' priorities should be used as entry points for promoting interventions that are system compatible and harness niche opportunities. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

黄土高原旱作农区非耕地径流高效利用研究

提出了黄土高原旱作地区非耕地径流高效利用的基本原则,研究了径流补灌水在果树、温室蔬菜、大田粮食上的补灌效应和效益,认为非耕地径流水应优先用来补灌价值较高的经济作物,其次是大株稀植作物的点浇抗旱保苗。     

渭北旱塬旱作节水农业示范区建设模式探讨

在对渭北旱塬水资源、气候资源、土地资源、作物资源等现状全面调查的基础上,提出了渭北旱塬旱作节水农业示范区的建设模式即高标准旱作节水基本农田建设模式、节水农业设备新建与补充模式、高效集雨节灌示范工程建设模式、抗旱节水特色品种和良种繁育引种基地建设模式、节水农业工程建设模式,并对各模式进行了综合探讨和分析。     

Landscape benching from tillage erosion between grass hedges

Grass hedges are narrow (1–2 m wide) parallel strips of stiff, erect, grass planted near to or on the contour of fields but crossing swale areas at angles convenient for farming. They serve as guides for contour cultivation, retard and disperse surface runoff, cause deposition of eroded sediment, and reduce ephemeral gully development. After three years of tilled fallow between mixed-species hedges, the average grade of 18 m wide tilled strips between 1.5 m wide hedges was reduced from 0.068 to 0.052 as a result of surface lowering below hedges and on the shoulders of swale areas combined with increases in elevation above hedges. Annual surveys show progressive lowering of high spots and filling of low spots as contours lines more closely aligned with hedges. Survey data indicated annual erosion rates of nearly 250 t ha⁻¹ year⁻¹. Both RUSLE and WEPP over-predicted erosion rates, partly because backwater and slope modification affects were not considered. A tillage translocation model predicted enough soil movement to account for 30–60% of the observed changes. A combination of tillage translocation and water erosion/deposition provides the best explanation for the observed aggradation/degradation patterns.